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Resumo A presente pesquisa busca avaliar a eficiência relativa dos municípios brasileiros na execução do programa Minha Casa Minha Vida. Pretende-se que os resultados deste trabalho permitam a discussão de quais características ou fatores parecem afetar a eficiência municipal na implementação de políticas públicas, de forma a fornecer subsídios teórico-empíricos às pesquisas na área. O programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (MCMV), caso escolhido, compõe o eixo Infraestrutura Social e Urbana do Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC). O trabalho foi estruturado em duas etapas: a primeira é a classificação de municípios em grupos homogêneos; a segunda refere-se ao levantamento da eficiência relativa dos municípios na implementação do MCMV, por meio da aplicação de Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA). Como resultado, foi identificado que os municípios brasileiros possuem padrões diversos de estruturação, sendo a maioria classificada como pouco estruturados ou com estrutura mínima, com claro padrão regional, em que Sul e Sudeste apresentam, com maior frequência, municípios bem estruturados em comparação com o Centro-Oeste, o Norte e o Nordeste. Ao analisar a eficiência relativa no MCMV, tendo como universo apenas os municípios que concluíram empreendimentos do PMCMV entre 2012 e 2016, os municípios com melhor estrutura também apresentaram melhores resultados, indicando que a estrutura deve ser determinante para o desempenho no programa. Em contrapartida, a análise regional apresentou o Centro-Oeste, o Norte e o Nordeste com mais municípios eficientes na execução do programa.
Resumen Esta investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar la eficiencia relativa de los municipios brasileños en la implementación del programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (MCMV). Se pretende que los resultados de este trabajo permitan discutir qué características o factores parecen afectar la eficiencia municipal en la implementación de las políticas públicas, a fin de proporcionar apoyo teórico y empírico a la investigación en el área. El programa Minha Casa Minha Vida, si se elige, forma el eje de Infraestructura Social y Urbana del Programa de Aceleración del Crecimiento (PAC). El trabajo fue estructurado en dos etapas: la primera es la clasificación de los municipios en grupos homogéneos; la segunda se refiere al relevamiento de la eficiencia relativa de los municipios en la implementación del MCMV, mediante la aplicación del análisis de envoltura de datos (DEA). Como resultado, identificamos que los municipios brasileños tienen diferentes patrones de estructuración. La mayoría de ellos fueron clasificados como mal estructurados o mínimamente estructurados. Podríamos observar en los datos analizados un patrón regional claro, donde el Sur y el Sudeste tienen municipios mejor estructurados en comparación con el Centro Oeste, el Norte y el Noreste. Al analizar la eficiencia relativa en el MCMV, considerando como universo solo los municipios que completaron proyectos del PMCMV entre 2012 y 2016, los municipios mejor estructurados también presentaron mejores resultados, lo que indica que las condiciones estructurales pueden ser determinantes del desempeño del programa. En contrapartida, el análisis regional presentó el Centro Oeste, Norte y Nordeste con más municipios eficientes en la implementación del programa.
Abstract: This research aims to evaluate the relative efficiency of Brazilian municipalities in the implementation of the Brazilian federal program for affordable housing Minha Casa Minha Vida (MCMV) program. The study discusses characteristics or factors that seem to affect municipal efficiency in policy implementation providing theoretical and empirical support to research in the area. The MCMV program is part of the Social and Urban Infrastructure axis of the Growth Acceleration Program (Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento - PAC). The work was divided into two stages. The first step is the classification of municipalities into homogeneous groups. The second refers to the municipalities' relative efficiency in the MCMV, through the application of data envelopment analysis (DEA). As a result, we identified that Brazilian municipalities have different structuring patterns. The majority of them were classified as poorly structured or minimally structured. In the analyzed data, we observed a clear regional pattern, where South and Southeast have more well-structured municipalities compared to the Central-west, North, and Northeast. By analyzing the relative efficiency in MCMV, considering as universe only municipalities that completed MCMV projects between 2012 and 2016, better-structured municipalities also presented better results, indicating that structural conditions may be determinants of program performance. In contrast, the regional analysis presented that Centralwest, North, and Northeast demonstrated efficient municipalities more often, on average, in implementing the program.
Subject(s)
Public Policy , Efficiency , Financing, Government , Government Programs , HousingABSTRACT
Aims: In this paper, we aim to assess different parameterization schemes for quantifying the surface energy portioning process, in particular, the latent and sensible heat fluxes, and their applicability to various surface cover types. Study Design: This study intercompares theoretical models that predict the relative efficiency of the latent heat (evapotranspiration) with respect to the sensible heat flux. Model predictions are compared with field measurements over surface covers with different physical characteristics and soil water availability. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at the Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, between August 2012 and December 2012. Methodology: Three theoretical models for prediction of the relative efficiency of the latent heat were investigated, based on the lumped heat transfer (Priestley), the linear stability analysis (LSA) and the maximum entropy principle (MEP), respectively. Model predictions were compared against field measurements over three different land cover types, viz. water, grassland and suburban surfaces. An explicit moisture availability parameter β is incorporated in the MEP model, to facilitate direct comparison against the LSA and field measurements. Standard post-processing and quality control were applied to field measured turbulent fluxes using the eddy-covariance (EC) technique. To be consistent with the premise of all theoretical models, diurnal series of sensible and latent heat fluxes were filtered such that only data points under convective conditions were selected. Results: Among all three models, the application of Priestley model is restricted to saturated land surfaces, and generally overestimates the relative efficiency of the latent heat for water-limited surfaces. The LSA and MEP models predict similar β ranges, i.e., 0.05-0.3 in summer and 0.1-0.7 in winter over suburban area, and 0.1 to 0.5 over lake surface. Over vegetated surfaces, the MEP model predicts a reasonable β range around unity by taking transpiration into consideration, while the LSA model consistently underestimated the relative efficiency. Conclusion: Moisture availability plays an essential role in regulating the surface energy partitioning process. The introduction of the moisture availability parameter enables versatile theoretical models for latent heat (and evapotranspiration) predictions over a wide range of land cover types. This study provides a physical insight into the thermodynamics mechanism governing the surface energy balance, and the potential to develop novel surface energy parameterization schemes based on the concept of relative efficiency. The MEP model is found to have the greatest potential in terms of future theoretical model development.
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Objective: To evaluate the relative efficiency of pharmacies in military hospitals, ao as to provide evidence for rational allocation in medicinals resources in hospitals. Metbods: Data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used to evaluate relative efficiencies of 71 pharmacies in military hospitals (also as decision making units, DMUs). The input factors included pharmacy personnela, equipment, areas of pharmacies, and development funds; the output factors included drug charge, clinical pharmaceutical service, pharmaceutical information service,academic achievements and research activities. Decomposition of the pharmacy efficiencies under different economic conditions was performed to evaluate the scale efficiency (SE) , the resource disposal efficiency (DE) and the technical efficiency (TE). Pearson correlation analysis and chi-square teat were used for statistic analysis. Results: DEA results showed that the relative efficiency of the 28 pharmacies was 1, they were DEA effective; the relative efficiency of the 43 DMUs was less than 1 ,indicating the presence of efficiency loss. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that hospital grade, bed number,clinical time of pharmacists, HR flow-in rate, proportions of pharmacists with undergraduate or graduate diploma ,bed utilization rate,etc. were correlated with the 5 output factors. Five multiple linear regression equation were established. We also found that the distribution of pharmacies of SE, DE, and TE non- efficiency were significantly different between hospitals of different grades; the distribution of pharmacies of DE, and TE non-efficiency were significantly different between hospitals located in different regions. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the DEA efficiency of pharmacies was correlated with hospital grade, not with the area or the city where the hospitals located. Conclusioa: The grades of military hospitals and the subsequent effective allocation of resources and technologies may be the key factor to increase the efficiencies of pharmacies.